THIS IS

HOW THE EARTH

WORKS

 

The overall picture of environmental sustainability

 

 

 

 

 

Understanding wholeness  ->  visio -> hope -> purpose -> effective work ->*n-> effective world in important issues

 

 

 

 

Juho Satti, entrepreneur

This is how the Earth works Group Oy

Northern Savonia Finland

juho.satti(at)thisishowtheearthworks.fi

+358 41 436 7272

 

 

Copyright © 2014-2019 Juho Satti and This is how the Earth works Group Oy. All rights reserved.

 

 

 

 

 

Discussion on the environment is fragmented. It lacks an understanding of the full picture. When it comes to the environment, we can live on Earth for as long as the sun shines, provided that we take care of four things.

 

First, we must ensure that non-renewable raw materials and plant nutrients, the most critical of which will be phosphor in the near future, are circulating.

 

Second, we must make sure that renewable raw materials are used in line with growth.

 

Third, we must take care that energy is produced with renewable means. There are opportunities for this, as the amount of energy that the sun radiates on Earth in one hour corresponds with the energy consumption of the humankind in one year.

 

Finally, fourth: when we make sure that chemicals, genetic engineering and nuclear radiation do not intervene too much with the health of our own, there are no faults as such a life.

 

 

In addition,  technological development and the expected stagnation of global population growth within a few decates, will help to achieve the above goals.

 

 

 

 

Table of contents

Introduction to the This is how the Earth works – philosophy............................................................ 8

A User's Guide for this webpage........................................................................................................ 10

1.Reuse of plant nutrients and non-renewable raw materials ............................................................ 11

1.1 Plant nutrients.......................................................................................................................... 11

1.1.1  Food................................................................................................................................ 11

1.1.1.1 Current state............................................................................................................. 11

1.1.1.2 How to close the nutrient cycle................................................................................ 11

1.1.1.2.1 Eater.................................................................................................................. 12

1.1.1.2.2 Farming............................................................................................................. 12

1.1.2 Other than food................................................................................................................ 12

1.1.2.1 Bioenergy, renewable materials............................................................................... 12

1.2 Non-renewable raw materials.................................................................................................. 12

1.2.1 Metals.............................................................................................................................. 12

1.2.2 Minerals .......................................................................................................................... 12

1.2.3 Plastics, petroleum based................................................................................................. 12

1.2.3.1 In the current state, burning food packaging plastic in the right kind good power station is in many cases better option than recycling.............................................................................. 12

1.2.4 Current state, reuse of non-renewable raw materials....................................................... 13

1.2.5 How to close the cycle..................................................................................................... 13

2.Renewable raw materials are used in line with growth................................................................... 13

2.1 Current state ............................................................................................................................ 13

2.1.1 In many places situation is quite a good, but those things below need always keep an eye on.................................................................................................................................................. 13

2.1.1.1 Erosion..................................................................................................................... 13

2.1.1.2 Desertification.......................................................................................................... 13

2.1.1.3 Carbon escape from the soil..................................................................................... 13

2.1.1.4 Nutrients................................................................................................................... 13

2.1.1.5 Overfishing............................................................................................................... 13

2.2 Sustainable boosting of grow.................................................................................................. 14

2.2.1 Biological nitrogen fixation............................................................................................. 14

2.2.2 Nutrient cycling and nutrient adding............................................................................... 14

2.2.3 Adding carbon to soil....................................................................................................... 14

2.2.4 Water to the dry areas...................................................................................................... 14

2.2.4.1 Tying the humidity of the air.................................................................................... 14

2.2.4.2 Using seawater and sun ........................................................................................... 14

2.2.5 Aquaculture and boosting grow conditions in seas and lakes.......................................... 14

3.Energy is produced with renewable mean....................................................................................... 14

3.1 Energy...................................................................................................................................... 15

3.1.1 Where energy come from, and direct natural effects....................................................... 15

3.1.1.1 Sunshine................................................................................................................... 15

3.1.1.1.1 Heat................................................................................................................... 15

3.1.1.1.2 Light................................................................................................................. 15

3.1.1.2 Moon's and sun's gravitation.................................................................................... 15

3.1.1.2.1 Tide................................................................................................................... 15

3.1.1.2.2 Crunching the Earths crust............................................................................... 15

3.1.1.2.3 Ocean currents (partly)..................................................................................... 15

3.1.1.3 Atom......................................................................................................................... 15

3.1.2 Why energy is needed...................................................................................................... 15

3.1.2.1 Life conditions on Earth........................................................................................... 15

3.1.2.1.1 Heat and light from sun.................................................................................... 15

3.1.2.1.1.1 Photosyntesis............................................................................................ 15

3.1.2.1.1.1.1 Oxygen.............................................................................................. 16

3.1.2.1.1.1.1.1Ozone layer................................................................................ 16

3.1.2.1.1.1.2 Food.................................................................................................. 16

3.1.2.1.1.2 Rain........................................................................................................... 16

3.1.2.1.1.3 Wind.......................................................................................................... 16

3.1.2.1.1.4 Ocean current............................................................................................ 16

3.1.2.2 Human convert energy in forms what needed......................................................... 16

3.1.2.2.1 Heat................................................................................................................... 16

3.1.2.2.2 Move................................................................................................................. 16

3.1.2.2.3 Light and other electromagnetic radiation........................................................ 16

3.1.2.2.4 Electricity......................................................................................................... 17

3.1.2.2.4.1 As way to move energy............................................................................. 17

3.1.2.2.4.2 Independent  applications......................................................................... 17

3.1.2.2.4.2.1 Electronics......................................................................................... 17

3.1.2.2.5 Energy use is just mainly combination of heating, moving, lighting and other electromagnetic radiation and electronics....................................................................... 17

3.1.2.3 The ways in which energy is convert into the necessary forms............................... 17

3.1.2.3.1 Heat, making and harvesting............................................................................ 17

3.1.2.3.1.1 Burning..................................................................................................... 17

3.1.2.3.1.1.1 Fuels, sun energy formed through photosynthesis............................ 17

3.1.2.3.1.1.1.1Bioenergy, new sun energy formed through photosynthesis...... 17

3.1.2.3.1.1.1.2Fossil fuels, old sun energy formed through photosynthesis..... 17

3.1.2.3.1.2 Harvesting sun heat................................................................................... 18

3.1.2.3.1.3 Atom......................................................................................................... 18

3.1.2.3.1.4 Friction...................................................................................................... 18

3.1.2.3.2 Move, making and harvesting.......................................................................... 18

3.1.2.3.2.1 Making move through heat, heat engines................................................. 18

3.1.2.3.2.1.1 Based in combustion gas................................................................... 18

3.1.2.3.2.1.1.1Internal combustion Piston engines........................................... 18

3.1.2.3.2.1.1.2Gas turbine................................................................................. 18

3.1.2.3.2.1.1.3Jet engine.................................................................................... 18

3.1.2.3.2.1.2 Based in steam.................................................................................. 18

3.1.2.3.2.1.2.1Steam engine.............................................................................. 18

3.1.2.3.2.1.2.2Steam turbine............................................................................. 18

3.1.2.3.2.1.3 Combinations.................................................................................... 18

3.1.2.3.2.1.3.1Closed-cycle gas turbines........................................................... 18

3.1.2.3.2.1.4 Others................................................................................................ 18

3.1.2.3.2.1.4.1Stirling engine............................................................................ 18

3.1.2.3.2.1.4.2Thermo-magnetic motor............................................................. 19

3.1.2.3.2.2 Other than heat engines............................................................................ 19

3.1.2.3.2.2.1.1Molecular motor......................................................................... 19

3.1.2.3.2.2.2 Harvesting move which is formed in Earth's heat engine................. 19

3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1Moving water............................................................................. 19

3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1.1Hydropower........................................................................ 19

3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1.2Wavepower......................................................................... 19

3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1.3Marine current power......................................................... 19

3.1.2.3.2.2.2.2Moving air.................................................................................. 19

3.1.2.3.2.2.2.2.1Sail and kite........................................................................ 19

3.1.2.3.2.2.2.2.2Wind power........................................................................ 19

3.1.2.3.3 Light and other electromagnetic radiation, making.......................................... 19

3.1.2.3.3.1 Light, making............................................................................................ 19

3.1.2.3.3.2 Incandescent light..................................................................................... 20

3.1.2.3.3.2.1 Flames............................................................................................... 20

3.1.2.3.3.2.2 Glowing piece of hot material........................................................... 20

3.1.2.3.3.3 Light-emitting diodes (LED).................................................................... 20

3.1.2.3.3.4 Electric discharge in gases........................................................................ 20

3.1.2.3.3.5 Luminescence........................................................................................... 20

3.1.2.3.3.5.1 Fluorescence..................................................................................... 20

3.1.2.3.3.6 Chemiluminescence.................................................................................. 20

3.1.2.3.3.6.1 Bioluminescence .............................................................................. 20

3.1.2.3.3.7 Other electromagnetic radiation, making................................................. 20

3.1.2.3.3.7.1 Radio waves...................................................................................... 20

3.1.2.3.3.7.2 Microwaves....................................................................................... 20

3.1.2.3.3.7.3 Infrared.............................................................................................. 20

3.1.2.3.3.7.4 Ultraviolet......................................................................................... 21

3.1.2.3.3.7.5 X-rays................................................................................................ 21

3.1.2.3.3.7.6 Gamma rays...................................................................................... 21

3.1.2.3.3.7.7 Thermal radiation.............................................................................. 21

3.1.2.3.4 Electricity, making............................................................................................ 21

3.1.2.3.4.1 Move rotating the generator...................................................................... 21

3.1.2.3.4.1.1 Electric generators ........................................................................... 21

3.1.2.3.4.2 From radiation.......................................................................................... 22

3.1.2.3.4.2.1 Light.................................................................................................. 22

3.1.2.3.4.2.1.1Solar cell..................................................................................... 22

3.1.2.3.4.2.2 Other radiation.................................................................................. 22

3.1.2.3.4.2.2.1Betavoltaic device ..................................................................... 22

3.1.2.3.4.3 From chemical reactions........................................................................... 22

3.1.2.3.4.3.1 Fuel cell............................................................................................. 22

3.1.2.3.4.4 From the temperature differences............................................................. 22

3.1.2.3.4.4.1 Thermoelectric effect........................................................................ 22

3.1.2.3.4.5 Piezoelectricity......................................................................................... 22

3.1.2.3.4.6 Pyroelectricity........................................................................................... 22

3.1.2.3.4.7 Galvanic cell............................................................................................. 22

3.1.2.3.4.8 Triboelectric effect.................................................................................... 22

3.2 Current state............................................................................................................................. 22

3.2.1 World energy consumption (2015).................................................................................. 22

3.2.1.1 Oil (33%).................................................................................................................. 22

3.2.1.2 Coal (30%)............................................................................................................... 23

3.2.1.3 Natural Gas (24%)................................................................................................... 23

3.2.1.4 Hydro (7%).............................................................................................................. 23

3.2.1.5 Nuclear (4%)............................................................................................................ 23

3.2.1.6 Others (Renewables) (2%)....................................................................................... 23

3.3 Renewable production sources ............................................................................................... 23

3.3.1 Sun................................................................................................................................... 23

3.3.1.1 Sun directly.............................................................................................................. 23

3.3.1.1.1 Solar power....................................................................................................... 23

3.3.1.1.2 Artificial photosynthesis................................................................................... 24

3.3.1.1.3 Solar thermal collectors.................................................................................... 24

3.3.1.1.4 Temperature differences................................................................................... 24

3.3.1.2 Bio............................................................................................................................ 24

3.3.1.3 Wave......................................................................................................................... 24

3.3.1.4 Wind......................................................................................................................... 24

3.3.1.5 Hydro....................................................................................................................... 24

3.3.1.6 Tidal......................................................................................................................... 24

3.3.1.7 Marine current.......................................................................................................... 24

3.3.1.8 Marine power........................................................................................................... 24

3.3.1.9 Geothermal heat pump............................................................................................. 24

3.3.2 Energy efficiency............................................................................................................. 25

3.3.3 (Geothermal).................................................................................................................... 25

3.3.4 DIY Home made renewable energy................................................................................. 25

3.4 Consumption source of energy................................................................................................ 25

3.4.1 Primary sector.................................................................................................................. 26

3.4.1.1 Farm......................................................................................................................... 26

3.4.1.2 Forestry.................................................................................................................... 26

3.4.1.3 Mining, include also oil and gas.............................................................................. 26

3.4.2 Housing............................................................................................................................ 26

3.4.2.1 Heating and cooling................................................................................................. 26

3.4.2.2 Lighting.................................................................................................................... 26

3.4.2.3 Cookery.................................................................................................................... 26

3.4.2.4 Bath.......................................................................................................................... 26

3.4.2.5 Laundering............................................................................................................... 26

3.4.2.6 Communication, media and entertainment.............................................................. 26

3.4.3 Manufacture of goods...................................................................................................... 26

3.4.3.1 Food......................................................................................................................... 26

3.4.3.2 Clothes..................................................................................................................... 26

3.4.3.3 Furnitures................................................................................................................. 26

3.4.3.4 Tools......................................................................................................................... 26

3.4.3.4.1 Widely, from fork to wrench and from computer to industry robot ................ 26

3.4.3.5 Means of transport .................................................................................................. 26

3.4.4 Building........................................................................................................................... 26

3.4.4.1 Buildings.................................................................................................................. 26

3.4.4.2 Roads........................................................................................................................ 26

3.4.4.3 Water pipes............................................................................................................... 26

3.4.4.4 Electrical grid........................................................................................................... 26

3.4.4.5 Communication networks........................................................................................ 27

3.4.4.6 Other infrastructure.................................................................................................. 27

3.4.5 Transportation.................................................................................................................. 27

3.4.5.1 People....................................................................................................................... 27

3.4.5.1.1 Everyday........................................................................................................... 27

3.4.5.1.2 Business trips.................................................................................................... 27

3.4.5.1.3 Holidays............................................................................................................ 27

3.4.5.2 Raw materials........................................................................................................... 27

3.4.5.3 Goods....................................................................................................................... 27

3.4.5.3.1 Food.................................................................................................................. 27

3.4.5.3.2 Drinks, include bottled water........................................................................... 27

3.4.5.3.3 Other................................................................................................................. 27

3.4.5.4 Information and communication.............................................................................. 27

3.4.6 Services............................................................................................................................ 27

3.4.6.1 Security.................................................................................................................... 27

3.4.6.2 Healt care................................................................................................................. 27

3.4.6.3 Education................................................................................................................. 27

3.4.6.4 Entertainment........................................................................................................... 27

3.5 Other way divided................................................................................................................... 27

3.5.1 Electricity......................................................................................................................... 27

3.5.2 Heating and cooling......................................................................................................... 28

3.5.2.1 World energy consumption in heating..................................................................... 28

3.5.2.2 World energy consumption in cooling..................................................................... 28

3.5.3 Transportation.................................................................................................................. 28

3.5.3.1 World energy consumption in people transport....................................................... 28

3.5.3.2 World energy consumption in material and goods cargo......................................... 28

3.5.4 How to replace fossil fuels in transport........................................................................... 28

3.5.4.1 Land transport.......................................................................................................... 28

3.5.4.1.1 Cars................................................................................................................... 28

3.5.4.1.1.1 Electric cars.............................................................................................. 28

3.5.4.1.1.1.1 Environmental effects and energy efficiency as whole dipends how the electric is produced............................................................................................................. 28

3.5.4.1.1.1.2 How much more elecric production be needed................................. 28

3.5.4.1.1.1.2.1Benefits....................................................................................... 28

3.5.4.1.1.1.2.1.1In best case energy efficiency as whole is very good......... 28

3.5.4.1.1.1.2.1.2Many ways to produse electric........................................... 28

3.5.4.1.1.1.3 Battery electric cars........................................................................... 28

3.5.4.1.1.1.3.1Benefits....................................................................................... 29

3.5.4.1.1.1.3.1.1Car batterys as part of elecric storage infrastructure.......... 29

3.5.4.1.1.1.3.2Challenges.................................................................................. 29

3.5.4.1.1.1.3.3Is there enough battery materials .............................................. 29

3.5.4.1.1.1.3.4Charging infrastructure needed.................................................. 29

3.5.4.1.1.1.4 Road-powered electric vehicle.......................................................... 29

3.5.4.1.1.1.4.1Benefits....................................................................................... 29

3.5.4.1.1.1.4.2Challenges.................................................................................. 29

3.5.4.1.1.2 Biogas....................................................................................................... 29

3.5.4.1.1.2.1.1Benefits....................................................................................... 29

3.5.4.1.1.2.1.2Challenges.................................................................................. 29

3.5.4.1.1.3 Liquid biofuels.......................................................................................... 29

3.5.4.1.1.3.1.1Benefits....................................................................................... 29

3.5.4.1.1.3.1.2Challenges.................................................................................. 29

3.5.4.1.1.4 a Fuel cell.................................................................................................. 29

3.5.4.1.1.4.1.1Benefits....................................................................................... 30

3.5.4.1.1.4.1.2Challenges.................................................................................. 30

3.5.4.1.1.5 Hybrids..................................................................................................... 30

3.5.4.1.1.5.1.1Benefits....................................................................................... 30

3.5.4.1.1.5.1.2Challenges.................................................................................. 30

3.5.4.1.1.6 Self made.................................................................................................. 30

3.5.4.1.2 Trains and loops................................................................................................ 30

3.5.4.1.3 Other vehicles................................................................................................... 30

3.5.4.2 Shipping................................................................................................................... 30

3.5.4.3 Aviation.................................................................................................................... 30

3.6 Storage means.......................................................................................................................... 30

3.6.1 Batteries........................................................................................................................... 30

3.6.2 Produse gas- or liguid fuels by electricity....................................................................... 30

3.6.3 Produse fuels by artificial photosyntesis......................................................................... 31

3.6.4 Timing of energy intencive manufacturing and other ways to minimize need to energy storage.................................................................................................................................................. 31

3.6.5 Gravity............................................................................................................................. 31

3.6.6 Bioenergy as a means of storage...................................................................................... 31

3.6.7 Cold and heat storages..................................................................................................... 31

3.7 Other greenhouse gases........................................................................................................... 31

4.Healthy living environment............................................................................................................. 31

4.1 Chemicalisation ...................................................................................................................... 31

4.1.1 Chemical.......................................................................................................................... 31

4.1.1.1 Chemicals, pros and cons......................................................................................... 31

4.1.1.2 What kind of healthy effects?.................................................................................. 31

4.1.1.3 Chemical groups...................................................................................................... 31

4.1.1.3.1 Biocides............................................................................................................ 31

4.1.1.3.2 Carcinogenic, mutagenic, reprotoxic (CMR) substances................................. 31

4.1.1.3.3 Formaldehyde................................................................................................... 32

4.1.1.3.4 Phthalate........................................................................................................... 32

4.1.1.3.5 Endocrine disruptor.......................................................................................... 32

4.1.1.3.6 Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances (PBTs)................................ 32

4.1.2 Chemicals applications.................................................................................................... 32

4.2 Microplastics........................................................................................................................... 32

4.2.1 As collector of toxins....................................................................................................... 32

4.2.2 Possible Independent healt effects................................................................................... 32

4.3 Otzone depletion...................................................................................................................... 32

4.4 Acidification............................................................................................................................ 33

4.4.1 Acid rain........................................................................................................................... 33

4.4.2 Ocean acidification.......................................................................................................... 33

4.5 Sufficient biodiversity............................................................................................................. 33

4.6 Nuclear radiation..................................................................................................................... 33

4.6.1 Accidents.......................................................................................................................... 33

4.6.1.1 The consequences are serious but are they so serious and wide that at least I have been thought................................................................................................................................. 33

4.6.2 Nuclear waste................................................................................................................... 33

4.6.2.1 Radiation last long but does it last dangerous so long as at least I have been thought 33

4.7 Genetic modification............................................................................................................... 33

4.7.1 Possibilities...................................................................................................................... 34

4.7.2 Threats............................................................................................................................. 34

4.8 Preparing for sudden changes.................................................................................................. 34

4.8.1 Volcanic winter................................................................................................................ 34

Terms of Use...................................................................................................................................... 34

 

 

 

1.     Introduction to the This is how the Earth works – philosophy

Overall pictures from world, made in Norhern Savonia, Finland

Regards from Northern Savonia, Finland. Here we live, work, think, contemplate, implement and operate middle of wide forests, lakes and hills. Those forest include also quite sparse network of villages and towns. Here in Eastern Finland countryside is space to think. And people who can see the bigger picture.

Biggest problem in the world and how we solve it

Nowadays it is way too difficult to see big picture. And that is why it is too difficult to construct a clear enought vision to the future worth of pursuit. Whitout good visions, problems of the world may seem to be more difficult to solve, than they maybe really are. That is why future seems easily too hopeless for many people, atleast in western countries. And when world situation seems too hopeless it is difficult to find motivation to work for a better future. Hopeless is main reason to lack of motivation, and it is cause of massive loss of human potential, again, atleast here in western countries. So we make easier to see the bigger picture and that way to make better future seems possible. That is needed that enough big part of people get excited to build a better future worldwide. Environmental sustainable future is most important and most excited task to our time so that is why it is topic of this our first overall picture page.

Point of view in this page is keep and make human living conditions good now and in the future. So we do not for example protect too much wolfs and we have not too conserned about biodiversity, but we are interest in biodiversity when it means more healthy, safer or more comfortable human living conditions.

We also think (at the moment we are me and my Ltd):

        Need to build a athmosphere and conditions (atleast here in Finland, and I guess it is needed many other places in worldwide too) where young people have easier to grow to full potential (start to lifelong growing), now it is easy to just entertain, but hard to acquire deep and wide understanding. Those people who read the traditional encyclopedia series of books get some kind of picture in the world (quite good actually), but in the internet it is nowadays very difficult to get. So internet need way better services.

        Independent thinking is good, stong ideologies often narrows the thinking needlessly.

        I do not like how strongly, politicians (also others than red-green) and media go along when new political left (quite a little group of people but they have been admirable intelligent and effective to make a impact in media and politicians) try to tell what is politically correct discussion topic and what is not. So atleast here in Finland our society need better conversation culture, especially discussion in some topics, like immigration.

        Wide migrations is not good for the world, for example, every part of planet need their own people to build better future locally, but we need to do globally better and wider cooperation than nowadays. And make sure that everyone have sufficient accsess to knowledge.

        Every country need healthy selfishness, foggy selflessness in state level is not effective or good way to safe the world. Resources are always limited and thats why those resources need to use effectively, from this point of view saving the world is not different than some other target. 

        Self made attitude is one important thing what we need more atleast here in Finland, things can do, there is available better and cheaper tools and parts than ever before, no matter do you want to build something material, or convey information. And always for example public financial support is not needed, this page and its content is an example of that.

        Economic growth and technological development are not interesting independent goals, but they can be things that make easier to reach interesting independent goals.

        The Finnish Defence Forces is based on a universal male conscription, so here soldiers are count of millions, (although total population is a few millions). We are soldiers too, in this company we fight for a better future. But we are also artists, and on these pages we paint the picture of world what we want.

        We will always be challengers, no matter how big our company will grow, our goal is perfect world, so we never reach the goal, but we always fight for it, we will enjoy to this fight, we clear our way through thickets, we bush through winter storms and we look beautiful landscapes from the top of the sunny hills, -fjelds and -mountains and between our adventures we rest enough.

        Nesessaries like food are not something should taken for granted, there can be hard conditions for farming in nowadays too, so it is always necessary to pay attencion security of supply food.

        Thanks for those few people in the neighboring village and our village, who have share their views and give some advices (in general, and what coming topics to this webpage) those have been (and still are) eye-opening views and very good advices.

        We remember and respect all of those people (each, no matter what they role have been according to their abilities and circumstances) who have build and defence here in Finland that substructure that we can try seek out the stars, it is our duty and privilege. 

        We are rebellions with gratitude

 

0n the 19th of May 2018

Best Regards

Juho Satti

entrepreneur, This is how the Earth works Group Oy

LL.M, Business Student

member of The Centre Party of Finland

reservist lieutenant, The Finnish Border Guard, guerrilla

 

 

2.     A User's Guide for this webpage

 

Make sure that you understand that first four-point grouping. Pay attention to connections between those four point, for example there is no need to mention heavy metal pollution in point four, becouse point one already stop those.

 

Before reading page further, pay attention to the table of contents, there you can see those groupings of different things, and wholeness what is consist of those groupings. And during read webpage further, go often back to table of contents, so you can keep overall picture in the mind.

 

This four-point grouping is ideal, but world need goal, it is very important to understand how world (earth+human) will work in ideal situation, but of course there will be long transitional period.

 

Webpage is under constuction, so there is not writing or links under every titles.

 

Idea is that there in this webpage might be some more functionalities and some more text around this table of contents in the future. Links in this page go mainly to Wikipedia pages, please read Wikipedia's Terms of Use before use Wikipedia. This thisishowtheearthworks.fi webpage's Terms of Use's you find in bottom of this page.

 

There is no any public financial support or other finansial support (atleast in this point 19.05.2018) get, to do this webpage and its content.

 

If your organisation might need some consulting- or training service in themes of this webpage, please call +358 41 436 7272 or send an email juho.satti(at)thisishowtheearthworks.fi ((at) = @).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.     Reuse of plant nutrients and non-renewable raw materials

Plant nutrients and non-renewable raw materials are not run out, only what we have to do, is that we have to reuse them effectively.

3.1    Plant nutrients

Plants need nutrients and plants are food for us and farm animals. So nutrients means food, and that is why they are extra important. There are mineral nutrients and nitrogen. Nitrogen can cycle directly or through the air. Especially in the near future we should keep an eye on recycling phosphorus. Plant growth need phosphorus, and there is not substitute for it. Nowadays fertilizer phosphorus is digested from mines and there is not necessarily so much useful reserves left. So it is necessary learn to recycle phosphorus effectively. Nowadays there is not good enought practices about nutrients cycling.

Plant nutrition

3.1.1                      Food

3.1.1.1      Current state

Nowadays in many countries and also globally breeding farm animals and fodder plant production are placed in separate areas, (This is in consequence of politics that does not take into account negative externalities, it is not farmers fault.) so it is not easy to bring nutrients back to the place of growth with animal manure. Other challenge is that although urban sewage include nutrients it include also harmful substances for example drug residues, detergents and PFOS:s, so it is not easy to recycle sewages nutrients back to field safely. It is absolutely necessary to keep agricultural soil clean.

3.1.1.2      How to close the nutrient cycle

It can be that ecomies of scale in agriculture loses its benefits in the future for the impact of robotisation and becouse the nutrient cycling become more and more important. So when cheap robots do the job and externalities are taken into account, small scale livestock farming can be economically profitable again, It will help nutrients recycling.

In the future for example in vitro meat production and plant growth in bioreactors can maybe make even personal nutrient cycle possible. But in that case too sun energy have to first store in sugars and others energetic requirements which are needed in grow and production in bioreactors. Those energetic requirements can be prodused by photosynthesis (see 3.1.2.1.1.1) either natural photosynthesis or artificial photosynthesis. Or some microbes can also multibly by using  hydrogen as energy. And hydrogen can be produced electrically, like in this link.  At least nowadays traditional field farming is in many cases quite effective way to exploit photosynthesis and produce food, due to big part of the work is done by ecosystem services like sunshine, rainwater and pollination, and so much devices are not needed.  

What comes to sewage, atleast have to develop safer chemicals, and think possibilities of different collection system.

Using more biological nitrogen fixation will save energy, becouse industrial manufacturing of nitrogen need lot of energy. Some plants are ability to take nitrogen to the air. Or if there is available lot of cheap renewable energy industrial manufacturing of nitrogen is one option also in future.

Adding carbon to soil help nutrient cycling, and it also make soil better to tolerate drought and wetness. In addition it is one great potential way to prevent climate change.

3.1.1.2.1              Eater

 

3.1.1.2.2              Farming

 

3.1.2                     Other than food

Nutrient recycling is important also when grown bioenergy plants and renewable materials. So for example after burning wood it is necessary to bring ash back to forest. But in this case too have to be sure, that there is no harmful substances in that ash. There can be also possibilities to increase biological nitrogen fixation in the forests.

3.1.2.1      Bioenergy, renewable materials

 

3.2    Non-renewable raw materials

We can use non-renewable materials, metals, minerals and fossil based materials over and over again, so when we mine and use those materials, we have to make sure that we can reuse it again. But question is how we do it in paractice, how we increase the awareness and make pricing that take a notice negative externalities.

3.2.1                     Metals

3.2.2                     Minerals

3.2.3                     Plastics, petroleum based

3.2.3.1      In the current state, burning food packaging plastic in the right kind good power station is in many cases better option than recycling

But power station need to be just right kind that burning household waste do not create for example dioxins, very harmful toxics.So have to be very careful what waste to burn and what kind of  incinerator.

3.2.4                     Current state, reuse of non-renewable raw materials

Too mutch non-renewable raw materials leaves the cycle.

 

But in some cases low recycling rate do not mean that those materials are lost, for example lot of old mobile phones are in people homes, those materials are not lost.

3.2.5                     How to close the cycle

Pricing, recycle frendly desing, taxes, laws, awareness...

 

4.     Renewable raw materials are used in line with growth

We can use renewable materials as much as they grow, and if we can systainably boost growing, we can use more. This part is close connected with part 1.1 Nutrients. As renewable raw materials here I mean plants in fields and forests, fish stocks and products of animal origin. Renevable raw materials can be used as food, bioenergy and goods manufacturing materials.

4.1    Current state

4.1.1                     In many places situation is quite a good, but those things below need always keep an eye on

4.1.1.1      Erosion

There is different kind of soils, shape of terrains, heavyness of rain, dryness et al. in the different parts of world so somewhere have to be very careful that soil do not go with water or wind.

Erosion

4.1.1.2      Desertification

Desertification

4.1.1.3      Carbon escape from the soil

4.1.1.4      Nutrients

See section 1.1

4.1.1.5      Overfishing

Overfishing

Tragedy of the commons

4.2    Sustainable boosting of grow

4.2.1                     Biological nitrogen fixation

Biological nitrogen fixation

4.2.2                     Nutrient cycling and nutrient adding

4.2.3                     Adding carbon to soil

It is not easy to create long lasting below ground carbon, in many cases carbon escape during some years or so., but not in every cases.

 terra preta

4.2.4                     Water to the dry areas

Sounds utopistic at first, but there is some projects going on. Sahara have not been always desert.

4.2.4.1      Tying the humidity of the air

Trees

Others

4.2.4.2      Using seawater and sun

4.2.5                     Aquaculture and boosting grow conditions in seas and lakes

Aquaculture

And how water temperature in seas affect to growth of algae. James Lovelock write in his book the revenge of Gaia that seas warming might reduces the growth of algae.

 

5.     Energy is produced with renewable mean

There are opportunities for this, as the amount of energy that the sun radiates on Earth in one hour corresponds with the energy consumption of the humankind in one year. So how we catch and storage this energy better than nowadays? 

Meanwhile we learn to exploit and storage renewable energy better than nowadays world might need also nuclear power, but is it wise to build those plants as they are build now, or is it better to build those power stations out at sea, floating or submarine. Then possible radiation diluted in huge mass of water. 

5.1    Energy

5.1.1                     Where energy come from, and direct natural effects

5.1.1.1      Sunshine

Sun

5.1.1.1.1              Heat
5.1.1.1.2              Light

5.1.1.2      Moon's and sun's gravitation

5.1.1.2.1              Tide
5.1.1.2.2              Crunching the Earths crust

Some little part of deep geothermal energy.

5.1.1.2.3              Ocean currents (partly)

5.1.1.3      Atom

Radioactive decay of some materials are going on in Earth crust and it made part of deep geothermal heat. Third source of geothermal heat is from the formation of the Earth.

Sun energy is formed in nuclear reaction too.

5.1.2                     Why energy is needed

5.1.2.1      Life conditions on Earth

5.1.2.1.1              Heat and light from sun

Without sun, planet Earth would be cold and dark place without oxygen and food. So most important energy is heat and light from sun.

5.1.2.1.1.1               Photosyntesis

Phptosyntesis is important becouse though photosyntesis here is oxygen to breath and  food to eat. 

5.1.2.1.1.1.1         Oxygen

5.1.2.1.1.1.1.1   Ozone layer

Sun ultraviolet light make otzon from oxygen, and ozone layer protect us and other live against too much ultraviolet light from sun.

5.1.2.1.1.1.2         Food

5.1.2.1.1.2               Rain

Plants need water and rain deliver it. Sun dissipate water and clouds be born  Rain is reason why we get also groundwater to drink.

5.1.2.1.1.3               Wind

Wind carry the rain clouds in the different areas.  Air flows also carry otzone to north and south parts of earth. Big part of ozone are formed near to the equator, becouse there is lot of ultraviolet light. In their own part winds also smoothes temperature differences in the planet.

5.1.2.1.1.4               Ocean current

Ocean currents smoothes temperature differences in the Earth. There is many forces that make that seawater movement. The rotation of the Earth turns ocean currents so thats one reason why they flow smoothly. In addition the tilt angle of the Earths axis is also big reason to the relatively low temperature differences in other parts of Earth, and it is the reason too why we have seasons.

5.1.2.2      Human convert energy in forms what needed

Human collect and convert energy to its own needs. Body energy come from food. And human convert also other energy sources when outside the body heat, move and light is needed.

5.1.2.2.1              Heat

When sun is not heating enough it is time to make campfire, or turn on some more sofphisticated heating system. And when sun heating too much, there might be reason to cooling, but cooling is made from heat too, through evaporation.

5.1.2.2.2              Move

Human have invented ways to move itself or goods also whitout using muscles. Also ways to move data faraway and back are developed.

5.1.2.2.3              Light and other electromagnetic radiation

When sun is not lighting we need some other light. And there is some other ways to use ligth too, like data moving in optical fiber.

Other electromagnetic radiation than light are used for example moving data wirelessly through the air. And  microwave ovens, and radiography.

5.1.2.2.4              Electricity
5.1.2.2.4.1               As way to move energy

Electricity is handy way to transport energy,via electrical grid. Electric current is in itself move too, charged particles move. Electricity is easy to transform to heat, move and light when those needed. Atleast novadays electricity is not easy to store.

5.1.2.2.4.2               Independent  applications

In addition there is some independent applications in electricity too, like electronics. Is there some other independen applications? Atleast electric fence to keep cows on the pasture.

5.1.2.2.4.2.1         Electronics

Electronics

5.1.2.2.5              Energy use is just mainly combination of heating, moving, lighting and other electromagnetic radiation and electronics

There is not finally so many ways to use energy. When goods are manufacturing, you can shape metals and polymers by using heat and move. You can saw logs as boards and planks by using move. And by using electronics, those things can made by not using human brains in every single time. And when we need to move data, we do it by using light or other electromagnetic radiation.

5.1.2.3      The ways in which energy is convert into the necessary forms

5.1.2.3.1              Heat, making and harvesting
5.1.2.3.1.1               Burning

5.1.2.3.1.1.1         Fuels, sun energy formed through photosynthesis

Burning fuels are formed through photosynthesis.

5.1.2.3.1.1.1.1   Bioenergy, new sun energy formed through photosynthesis

New sun energy, formed through photosynthesis, durin last summer or in the past decades. When used it is necessary to take care about nutrient cycling.

5.1.2.3.1.1.1.2   Fossil fuels, old sun energy formed through photosynthesis

Fossil fuels, very old sun energy also formed through photosynthesis.

5.1.2.3.1.2               Harvesting sun heat
5.1.2.3.1.3               Atom

Nuclear reactions release nuclear energy which are used to generate heat.

5.1.2.3.1.4               Friction

Friction

5.1.2.3.2              Move, making and harvesting
5.1.2.3.2.1               Making move through heat, heat engines

Last hundred – two hundred years and still nowadays transport and making electricity are strongly based in fossil fuels and Heat engines. Heat engines force usually moving cars, and spin many electric generators. Heat engines efficiency is not very high, so there form lot of waste heat, so it is good if electricity making and useful heat making is combined (CHP).

5.1.2.3.2.1.1         Based in combustion gas

5.1.2.3.2.1.1.1   Internal combustion Piston engines

5.1.2.3.2.1.1.2   Gas turbine

5.1.2.3.2.1.1.3   Jet engine

5.1.2.3.2.1.2         Based in steam

5.1.2.3.2.1.2.1   Steam engine

5.1.2.3.2.1.2.2   Steam turbine

If it is low pressure, or some other vaporizer than water, it is possible to rotate steam turbine also lower temperatures than 100 celsius. For example Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC).

5.1.2.3.2.1.3         Combinations

5.1.2.3.2.1.3.1   Closed-cycle gas turbines

Combined cycle

5.1.2.3.2.1.4         Others

5.1.2.3.2.1.4.1   Stirling engine

Stirling engine

5.1.2.3.2.1.4.2   Thermo-magnetic motor

Thermo-magnetic motor

5.1.2.3.2.2               Other than heat engines

5.1.2.3.2.2.1.1   Molecular motor

Molecular motor

5.1.2.3.2.2.2         Harvesting move which is formed in Earth's heat engine

Earth's heat engine

5.1.2.3.2.2.2.1   Moving water

5.1.2.3.2.2.2.1.1             Hydropower

Hydropower collect energy from downhill running water which rain is delivered to the ground higher than the sea level.

5.1.2.3.2.2.2.1.2             Wavepower

Wavepower

5.1.2.3.2.2.2.1.3             Marine current power

Marine current power

5.1.2.3.2.2.2.2   Moving air

5.1.2.3.2.2.2.2.1             Sail and kite

Sail. Kite.

5.1.2.3.2.2.2.2.2             Wind power

Wind power

 

5.1.2.3.3              Light and other electromagnetic radiation, making
5.1.2.3.3.1               Light, making

Light sources

5.1.2.3.3.2               Incandescent light

5.1.2.3.3.2.1         Flames

Like campfire, oil lamp or candle.

5.1.2.3.3.2.2         Glowing piece of hot material

Like in Incandescent light bulb

5.1.2.3.3.3               Light-emitting diodes (LED)

Light-emitting diode

5.1.2.3.3.4               Electric discharge in gases

Electric discharge in gases

5.1.2.3.3.5               Luminescence

Luminescence

5.1.2.3.3.5.1         Fluorescence

Fluorescence is a form of luminescence, common solution is fluorescent lamp.

 

5.1.2.3.3.6               Chemiluminescence

Chemiluminescence

5.1.2.3.3.6.1         Bioluminescence

Bioluminescence  is light source in Glowworm and other light emitted living organism.

5.1.2.3.3.7               Other electromagnetic radiation, making

5.1.2.3.3.7.1         Radio waves

Radio waves

5.1.2.3.3.7.2         Microwaves

Microwaves

5.1.2.3.3.7.3         Infrared

Infrared

5.1.2.3.3.7.4         Ultraviolet

Ultraviolet

5.1.2.3.3.7.5         X-rays

X-rays

5.1.2.3.3.7.6         Gamma rays

Gamma rays

5.1.2.3.3.7.7         Thermal radiation

Thermal radiation

 

5.1.2.3.4              Electricity, making

Electricity

Electricity generation

Electric power

5.1.2.3.4.1               Move rotating the generator

See 3.1.2.3.2 how the move is making or harvesting.

5.1.2.3.4.1.1         Electric generators

Electric generator

 

Electrostatic generator

 

5.1.2.3.4.2               From radiation

5.1.2.3.4.2.1         Light

5.1.2.3.4.2.1.1   Solar cell

5.1.2.3.4.2.2         Other radiation

5.1.2.3.4.2.2.1   Betavoltaic device

5.1.2.3.4.3               From chemical reactions

5.1.2.3.4.3.1         Fuel cell

5.1.2.3.4.4               From the temperature differences

5.1.2.3.4.4.1         Thermoelectric effect

5.1.2.3.4.5               Piezoelectricity

Piezoelectricity

5.1.2.3.4.6               Pyroelectricity

Pyroelectricity

5.1.2.3.4.7               Galvanic cell

Galvanic cell

5.1.2.3.4.8               Triboelectric effect

Triboelectric effect

5.2    Current state

5.2.1                     World energy consumption (2015)

Word energy consumption is still largely dependent on fossil fuels (87% 2015). (When you look those statistics pay attention where there is talking about energy and where only electricity, and there is good to note also difference between primary energy and final energy consumption.)

5.2.1.1      Oil (33%)

Petroleum. 

5.2.1.2      Coal (30%)

Coal

5.2.1.3      Natural Gas (24%)

Natural gas. Previously burned in torch in oilfields. Combination powerplant can be efficient, so they produce lot of electricity end not so much waste heat, see 3.1.2.3.2.1.3.

5.2.1.4      Hydro (7%)

Hydropower

5.2.1.5      Nuclear (4%)

Nuclear power.

Nuclear fission

In the coming decades, as period of transition, we will possibly need also significantly nuclear power, but it is the best option to build those stations like those are build nowadays or is it better option to buid standardized power stations, and locate those out of sea and under the water.

 

(Atomic battery)

 

Possibly in the future:

Fusion power

Nuclear fusion

5.2.1.6      Others (Renewables) (2%)

 

5.3    Renewable production sources

5.3.1                     Sun

5.3.1.1      Sun directly

5.3.1.1.1              Solar power

Solar power

5.3.1.1.2              Artificial photosynthesis

Artificial photosynthesis

5.3.1.1.3              Solar thermal collectors
5.3.1.1.4              Temperature differences

For example in seawater, deep and top.

5.3.1.2      Bio

Burning biomass produce heat so move and electricity can generate.

Biogas

Anaerobic digestion

5.3.1.3      Wave

Wavepower

5.3.1.4      Wind

Windpower

5.3.1.5      Hydro

Hydropower

 

5.3.1.6      Tidal

Tidal power

5.3.1.7      Marine current

Marine current power

5.3.1.8      Marine power

Marine power

5.3.1.9      Geothermal heat pump

Geothermal heat pump

Mainly energy from sun warmed soil. Problem is that geothermal heat pump heating need electricity and thats why it grow electricity peak consumption, in areas where is cold in the winter. Electrical grid and power station capasity have to build according with peak consumption.

5.3.2                     Energy efficiency

Efficient energy use

5.3.3                     (Geothermal)

Geothermal energy

5.3.4                     DIY Home made renewable energy

5.4    Consumption source of energy

Word energy consumption

5.4.1                     Primary sector

5.4.1.1      Farm

5.4.1.2      Forestry

5.4.1.3      Mining, include also oil and gas

5.4.2                     Housing

5.4.2.1      Heating and cooling

5.4.2.2      Lighting

5.4.2.3      Cookery

5.4.2.4      Bath

5.4.2.5      Laundering

5.4.2.6      Communication, media and entertainment

5.4.3                     Manufacture of goods

5.4.3.1      Food

5.4.3.2      Clothes

5.4.3.3      Furnitures

5.4.3.4      Tools

5.4.3.4.1              Widely, from fork to wrench and from computer to industry robot

5.4.3.5      Means of transport

5.4.4                     Building

5.4.4.1      Buildings

5.4.4.2      Roads

5.4.4.3      Water pipes

5.4.4.4      Electrical grid

5.4.4.5      Communication networks

5.4.4.6      Other infrastructure

5.4.5                     Transportation

5.4.5.1      People

5.4.5.1.1              Everyday
5.4.5.1.2              Business trips
5.4.5.1.3              Holidays

5.4.5.2      Raw materials

5.4.5.3      Goods

5.4.5.3.1              Food
5.4.5.3.2              Drinks, include bottled water
5.4.5.3.3              Other

5.4.5.4      Information and communication

5.4.6                     Services

5.4.6.1      Security

5.4.6.2      Healt care

5.4.6.3      Education

5.4.6.4      Entertainment

5.5    Other way divided

5.5.1                     Electricity

 

That way divided there is dupications becouse heating, cooling and transportation are partly using electricity.

Electricity

Electricity generation

Electric power

5.5.2                     Heating and cooling

5.5.2.1      World energy consumption in heating

5.5.2.2      World energy consumption in cooling

Did they have any wiser way to produce cooling, than by using electricity.

5.5.3                     Transportation

5.5.3.1      World energy consumption in people transport

5.5.3.2      World energy consumption in material and goods cargo

 

5.5.4                     How to replace fossil fuels in transport

5.5.4.1      Land transport

5.5.4.1.1              Cars

Car

5.5.4.1.1.1               Electric cars

5.5.4.1.1.1.1         Environmental effects and energy efficiency as whole dipends how the electric is produced

5.5.4.1.1.1.2         How much more elecric production be needed

5.5.4.1.1.1.2.1   Benefits

5.5.4.1.1.1.2.1.1             In best case energy efficiency as whole is very good

5.5.4.1.1.1.2.1.2             Many ways to produse electric

 

5.5.4.1.1.1.3         Battery electric cars

Electric car

5.5.4.1.1.1.3.1   Benefits

5.5.4.1.1.1.3.1.1             Car batterys as part of elecric storage infrastructure

5.5.4.1.1.1.3.2   Challenges

5.5.4.1.1.1.3.3   Is there enough battery materials

5.5.4.1.1.1.3.4   Charging infrastructure needed

 

5.5.4.1.1.1.4         Road-powered electric vehicle

Road-powered electric vehicle

5.5.4.1.1.1.4.1   Benefits

5.5.4.1.1.1.4.2   Challenges

 

5.5.4.1.1.2               Biogas

Biogas in transport

Biogas in general see 3.1.1.2

(Gas bag vehicles Low-tech magazine)

5.5.4.1.1.2.1.1   Benefits

5.5.4.1.1.2.1.2   Challenges

 

5.5.4.1.1.3               Liquid biofuels

5.5.4.1.1.3.1.1   Benefits

5.5.4.1.1.3.1.2   Challenges

 

5.5.4.1.1.4               a Fuel cell

Fuel cell

5.5.4.1.1.4.1.1   Benefits

5.5.4.1.1.4.1.2   Challenges

5.5.4.1.1.5               Hybrids

5.5.4.1.1.5.1.1   Benefits

5.5.4.1.1.5.1.2   Challenges

5.5.4.1.1.6               Self made

 

5.5.4.1.2              Trains and loops

Vacuum tube train

5.5.4.1.3              Other vehicles

5.5.4.2      Shipping

5.5.4.3      Aviation

 

5.6    Storage means

List of energy storage projects

5.6.1                     Batteries

Battery

5.6.2                     Produse gas- or liguid fuels by electricity

Electrofuel

Solar fuel

Photocatalytic water splitting

5.6.3                     Produse fuels by artificial photosyntesis

5.6.4                     Timing of energy intencive manufacturing and other ways to minimize need to energy storage

5.6.5                     Gravity

5.6.6                     Bioenergy as a means of storage

Burning bioenergy sources when sun is not shining and heating is needed.

5.6.7                     Cold and heat storages

Molten salt technology

Seasonal thermal energy storage

 

5.7    Other greenhouse gases

 

6.     Healthy living environment

Keeping water, soil and air clean and healthy. And environment comfortable to live.  Ja kasvuolosuhteet ruualle ym.

6.1    Chemicalisation

6.1.1                     Chemical

6.1.1.1      Chemicals, pros and cons

6.1.1.2      What kind of healthy effects?

6.1.1.3      Chemical groups

According Grouping by Tukes (site only in finnish and swedish)

6.1.1.3.1              Biocides

Biocide

6.1.1.3.2              Carcinogenic, mutagenic, reprotoxic (CMR) substances

Carcinogenic, mutagenic, reprotoxic (CMR) substances (link is to OSH WIKI)

 

6.1.1.3.3              Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde

6.1.1.3.4              Phthalate

Phthalate

6.1.1.3.5              Endocrine disruptor

Endocrine disruptor

 

6.1.1.3.6              Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances (PBTs)

Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances

 

 

6.1.2                     Chemicals applications

 

6.2    Microplastics

Microplastics Keskustelu usein sivuraiteilla, muovipusseista ym. ja uusiutuva ei aina parempi kuin (esim norsunluu kampa) Muovi ja sen poltto aika hyvä, siihen asti kun vaikkapa liikent polt suoraan, voi ajatella että muovipakkauksessa öljy vaan tekee yhden työn ennen kuin se poltetaan energiaksi, ja osuus kokonaiskulutuksesta ei kovin suuri?

6.2.1                     As collector of toxins

Micro- and nanoplastics can bind and carry toxins with them.

6.2.2                     Possible Independent healt effects

Did those micro- or nanoplastics  end up for example in human brains? According to this study (Lund university Sweden), it seems to end up fish brains. So there is important issue to study.

 

6.3    Otzone depletion

Ozone depletion, have been thiked that case was quite solved. But according to Nature journal (Nature 557, pages413–417 (2018)), there is an mysterious unexpected increace in global emissions of CFC-11.

6.4    Acidification

6.4.1                     Acid rain

Acid rain, I think situation is going in good direction, and mainly

6.4.2                     Ocean acidification

Ocean acidification

 

6.5    Sufficient biodiversity

 

 According This is how the Earth works – philosophy, sufficient biodivercity is mainly that what is necessary to the survival and healt of humans.

6.6    Nuclear radiation

Radiation

6.6.1                     Accidents

6.6.1.1      The consequences are serious but are they so serious and wide that at least I have been thought

6.6.2                     Nuclear waste

6.6.2.1      Radiation last long but does it last dangerous so long as at least I have been thought

6.7    Genetic modification

Genetic engineering

 

CRISPR  Cas9

6.7.1                     Possibilities

6.7.2                     Threats

6.8    Preparing for sudden changes

6.8.1                     Volcanic winter

According to historical examples, volcanic eruptions can cause the situation where there in the Earth are not normal amount of sunlight for years. That possibility (volcanic winter) is well worth preparing.

 

 

7.     Terms of Use

These Terms of Use apply to this website thisishowtheearthworks.fi. Website is maintained by This is how the Earth works Group Oy (Ltd).  Please read these terms of use. By accessing or using or going this website, you are agreeing to be bound by the terms specified below.

 

Right of use

The sale of this website's content or any part of it is expressly prohibited. The use of this website's content or any part of it in a manner that diminishes it's value or purpose is prohibited.

 

Intellectual property

 

Copyright  Juho Satti and This is how the Earth works Group Oy. All rights reserved.

 

 

Disclaimers and Limitations of liability

 

Text found on this website contain opinions and thoughts. There is one try to structure wide amount of information. By using this website you agree and understand that there is NO ANY promise or warranty that information in this website is correct or whitout mistakes.

 

By accessing or using or going this websites you agree that author and This is how the Earth works Group Oy, its employees, managers or any kind of affiliates, liability is limited to the maximum extent permitted by law. Furthermore This is how the Earth works Group or its affiliates and others mentioned above will not be liable for more than 100 euros in the event of a breach.

 

By accessing or using or going this website you  agree and understand that this website is provided ”AS IS” an ”AS AVAILABLE” basis and without warranties of any kind. This is how the earth works Group Oy or its affiliates and others mentioned above shall not be held liable for any damages caused by an interruption of websites use or an inability to access the page. This is how the earth works Group Oy reserves the right to change the content of webpage and to terminate this wedpage entirely or partly.

 

This website contains also links to websites owned or maintained by third parties. By accessing these linked websites you agree and understand that fact that these linked webpages are not under the control of This is how the Earth works Group Oy. Read those linked websites term of use's before using those linked websites.

 

Revision of the terms of use

 

These terms of use enter into force in 18.05.2018. This is how the Earth works Group Oy reserves the right to unilaterally revise or replase these terms of use.

 

Applicable law

 

These terms and any use of this website is governed and interpreted in accordance with the Finnish law excluding its choice-of-law provisions. Any dispute arising that cannot be resolved shall be settled in the Northern Savonian District Court.

 

7.1