THIS IS
HOW THE
EARTH
WORKS
The overall picture
of environmental sustainability
Understanding
wholeness -> visio -> hope -> purpose ->
effective work ->*n-> effective world in important issues
Juho Satti,
entrepreneur
This is how the
Earth works Group Oy
Northern Savonia Finland
juho.satti(at)thisishowtheearthworks.fi
+358 41 436 7272
Copyright ©
2014-2019 Juho Satti and This is how the Earth works Group Oy. All rights
reserved.
Discussion on the environment is fragmented. It
lacks an understanding of the full picture. When it comes to the environment,
we can live on Earth for as long as the sun shines, provided that we take care
of four things.
First, we must ensure that non-renewable raw
materials and plant nutrients, the most critical of which will be phosphor in
the near future, are circulating.
Second, we must make sure that renewable raw
materials are used in line with growth.
Third, we must take care that energy is
produced with renewable means. There are opportunities for this, as the amount
of energy that the sun radiates on Earth in one hour corresponds with the
energy consumption of the humankind in one year.
Finally, fourth: when we make sure that
chemicals, genetic engineering and nuclear radiation do not intervene too much
with the health of our own, there are no faults as such a life.
In addition,
technological development and the expected stagnation of global
population growth within a few decates, will help to achieve the above goals.
Table of contents
Introduction
to the This is how the Earth works – philosophy............................................................ 8
A User's
Guide for this webpage........................................................................................................ 10
1.Reuse of
plant nutrients and non-renewable raw materials ............................................................ 11
1.1 Plant
nutrients.......................................................................................................................... 11
1.1.1 Food................................................................................................................................ 11
1.1.1.1
Current state............................................................................................................. 11
1.1.1.2 How
to close the nutrient cycle................................................................................ 11
1.1.1.2.1
Eater.................................................................................................................. 12
1.1.1.2.2
Farming............................................................................................................. 12
1.1.2 Other
than food................................................................................................................ 12
1.1.2.1
Bioenergy, renewable materials............................................................................... 12
1.2 Non-renewable
raw materials.................................................................................................. 12
1.2.1
Metals.............................................................................................................................. 12
1.2.2
Minerals .......................................................................................................................... 12
1.2.3
Plastics, petroleum based................................................................................................. 12
1.2.3.1 In
the current state, burning food packaging plastic in the right kind good power
station is in many cases better option than recycling.............................................................................. 12
1.2.4 Current
state, reuse of non-renewable raw materials....................................................... 13
1.2.5 How
to close the cycle..................................................................................................... 13
2.Renewable
raw materials are used in line with growth................................................................... 13
2.1 Current
state ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.1.1 In
many places situation is quite a good, but those things below need always keep
an eye on.................................................................................................................................................. 13
2.1.1.1
Erosion..................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.1.2
Desertification.......................................................................................................... 13
2.1.1.3
Carbon escape from the soil..................................................................................... 13
2.1.1.4
Nutrients................................................................................................................... 13
2.1.1.5
Overfishing............................................................................................................... 13
2.2
Sustainable boosting of grow.................................................................................................. 14
2.2.1
Biological nitrogen fixation............................................................................................. 14
2.2.2
Nutrient cycling and nutrient adding............................................................................... 14
2.2.3
Adding carbon to soil....................................................................................................... 14
2.2.4 Water
to the dry areas...................................................................................................... 14
2.2.4.1
Tying the humidity of the air.................................................................................... 14
2.2.4.2
Using seawater and sun ........................................................................................... 14
2.2.5
Aquaculture and boosting grow conditions in seas and lakes.......................................... 14
3.Energy is
produced with renewable mean....................................................................................... 14
3.1 Energy...................................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1 Where
energy come from, and direct natural effects....................................................... 15
3.1.1.1
Sunshine................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1.1.1
Heat................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1.1.2
Light................................................................................................................. 15
3.1.1.2
Moon's and sun's gravitation.................................................................................... 15
3.1.1.2.1
Tide................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1.2.2
Crunching the Earths crust............................................................................... 15
3.1.1.2.3
Ocean currents (partly)..................................................................................... 15
3.1.1.3
Atom......................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.2 Why
energy is needed...................................................................................................... 15
3.1.2.1
Life conditions on Earth........................................................................................... 15
3.1.2.1.1
Heat and light from sun.................................................................................... 15
3.1.2.1.1.1
Photosyntesis............................................................................................ 15
3.1.2.1.1.1.1
Oxygen.............................................................................................. 16
3.1.2.1.1.1.1.1Ozone
layer................................................................................ 16
3.1.2.1.1.1.2
Food.................................................................................................. 16
3.1.2.1.1.2
Rain........................................................................................................... 16
3.1.2.1.1.3
Wind.......................................................................................................... 16
3.1.2.1.1.4
Ocean current............................................................................................ 16
3.1.2.2
Human convert energy in forms what needed......................................................... 16
3.1.2.2.1
Heat................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.2.2.2
Move................................................................................................................. 16
3.1.2.2.3
Light and other electromagnetic radiation........................................................ 16
3.1.2.2.4
Electricity......................................................................................................... 17
3.1.2.2.4.1
As way to move energy............................................................................. 17
3.1.2.2.4.2
Independent applications......................................................................... 17
3.1.2.2.4.2.1
Electronics......................................................................................... 17
3.1.2.2.5
Energy use is just mainly combination of heating, moving, lighting and other
electromagnetic radiation and electronics....................................................................... 17
3.1.2.3 The
ways in which energy is convert into the necessary forms............................... 17
3.1.2.3.1
Heat, making and harvesting............................................................................ 17
3.1.2.3.1.1
Burning..................................................................................................... 17
3.1.2.3.1.1.1
Fuels, sun energy formed through photosynthesis............................ 17
3.1.2.3.1.1.1.1Bioenergy,
new sun energy formed through photosynthesis...... 17
3.1.2.3.1.1.1.2Fossil
fuels, old sun energy formed through photosynthesis..... 17
3.1.2.3.1.2
Harvesting sun heat................................................................................... 18
3.1.2.3.1.3
Atom......................................................................................................... 18
3.1.2.3.1.4
Friction...................................................................................................... 18
3.1.2.3.2
Move, making and harvesting.......................................................................... 18
3.1.2.3.2.1
Making move through heat, heat engines................................................. 18
3.1.2.3.2.1.1
Based in combustion gas................................................................... 18
3.1.2.3.2.1.1.1Internal
combustion Piston engines........................................... 18
3.1.2.3.2.1.1.2Gas
turbine................................................................................. 18
3.1.2.3.2.1.1.3Jet
engine.................................................................................... 18
3.1.2.3.2.1.2
Based in steam.................................................................................. 18
3.1.2.3.2.1.2.1Steam
engine.............................................................................. 18
3.1.2.3.2.1.2.2Steam
turbine............................................................................. 18
3.1.2.3.2.1.3
Combinations.................................................................................... 18
3.1.2.3.2.1.3.1Closed-cycle
gas turbines........................................................... 18
3.1.2.3.2.1.4
Others................................................................................................ 18
3.1.2.3.2.1.4.1Stirling
engine............................................................................ 18
3.1.2.3.2.1.4.2Thermo-magnetic
motor............................................................. 19
3.1.2.3.2.2
Other than heat engines............................................................................ 19
3.1.2.3.2.2.1.1Molecular
motor......................................................................... 19
3.1.2.3.2.2.2
Harvesting move which is formed in Earth's heat engine................. 19
3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1Moving
water............................................................................. 19
3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1.1Hydropower........................................................................ 19
3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1.2Wavepower......................................................................... 19
3.1.2.3.2.2.2.1.3Marine
current power......................................................... 19
3.1.2.3.2.2.2.2Moving
air.................................................................................. 19
3.1.2.3.2.2.2.2.1Sail
and kite........................................................................ 19
3.1.2.3.2.2.2.2.2Wind
power........................................................................ 19
3.1.2.3.3
Light and other electromagnetic radiation, making.......................................... 19
3.1.2.3.3.1
Light, making............................................................................................ 19
3.1.2.3.3.2
Incandescent light..................................................................................... 20
3.1.2.3.3.2.1
Flames............................................................................................... 20
3.1.2.3.3.2.2
Glowing piece of hot material........................................................... 20
3.1.2.3.3.3
Light-emitting diodes (LED).................................................................... 20
3.1.2.3.3.4
Electric discharge in gases........................................................................ 20
3.1.2.3.3.5
Luminescence........................................................................................... 20
3.1.2.3.3.5.1
Fluorescence..................................................................................... 20
3.1.2.3.3.6
Chemiluminescence.................................................................................. 20
3.1.2.3.3.6.1
Bioluminescence .............................................................................. 20
3.1.2.3.3.7
Other electromagnetic radiation, making................................................. 20
3.1.2.3.3.7.1
Radio waves...................................................................................... 20
3.1.2.3.3.7.2
Microwaves....................................................................................... 20
3.1.2.3.3.7.3
Infrared.............................................................................................. 20
3.1.2.3.3.7.4
Ultraviolet......................................................................................... 21
3.1.2.3.3.7.5
X-rays................................................................................................ 21
3.1.2.3.3.7.6
Gamma rays...................................................................................... 21
3.1.2.3.3.7.7
Thermal radiation.............................................................................. 21
3.1.2.3.4
Electricity, making............................................................................................ 21
3.1.2.3.4.1
Move rotating the generator...................................................................... 21
3.1.2.3.4.1.1
Electric generators ........................................................................... 21
3.1.2.3.4.2
From radiation.......................................................................................... 22
3.1.2.3.4.2.1
Light.................................................................................................. 22
3.1.2.3.4.2.1.1Solar
cell..................................................................................... 22
3.1.2.3.4.2.2
Other radiation.................................................................................. 22
3.1.2.3.4.2.2.1Betavoltaic
device ..................................................................... 22
3.1.2.3.4.3
From chemical reactions........................................................................... 22
3.1.2.3.4.3.1
Fuel cell............................................................................................. 22
3.1.2.3.4.4
From the temperature differences............................................................. 22
3.1.2.3.4.4.1
Thermoelectric effect........................................................................ 22
3.1.2.3.4.5
Piezoelectricity......................................................................................... 22
3.1.2.3.4.6
Pyroelectricity........................................................................................... 22
3.1.2.3.4.7
Galvanic cell............................................................................................. 22
3.1.2.3.4.8
Triboelectric effect.................................................................................... 22
3.2 Current
state............................................................................................................................. 22
3.2.1 World
energy consumption (2015).................................................................................. 22
3.2.1.1 Oil
(33%).................................................................................................................. 22
3.2.1.2
Coal (30%)............................................................................................................... 23
3.2.1.3
Natural Gas (24%)................................................................................................... 23
3.2.1.4
Hydro (7%).............................................................................................................. 23
3.2.1.5
Nuclear (4%)............................................................................................................ 23
3.2.1.6
Others (Renewables) (2%)....................................................................................... 23
3.3
Renewable production sources ............................................................................................... 23
3.3.1 Sun................................................................................................................................... 23
3.3.1.1 Sun
directly.............................................................................................................. 23
3.3.1.1.1
Solar power....................................................................................................... 23
3.3.1.1.2
Artificial photosynthesis................................................................................... 24
3.3.1.1.3
Solar thermal collectors.................................................................................... 24
3.3.1.1.4
Temperature differences................................................................................... 24
3.3.1.2 Bio............................................................................................................................ 24
3.3.1.3
Wave......................................................................................................................... 24
3.3.1.4
Wind......................................................................................................................... 24
3.3.1.5
Hydro....................................................................................................................... 24
3.3.1.6
Tidal......................................................................................................................... 24
3.3.1.7
Marine current.......................................................................................................... 24
3.3.1.8
Marine power........................................................................................................... 24
3.3.1.9 Geothermal
heat pump............................................................................................. 24
3.3.2
Energy efficiency............................................................................................................. 25
3.3.3
(Geothermal).................................................................................................................... 25
3.3.4 DIY
Home made renewable energy................................................................................. 25
3.4
Consumption source of energy................................................................................................ 25
3.4.1
Primary sector.................................................................................................................. 26
3.4.1.1
Farm......................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.1.2
Forestry.................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.1.3
Mining, include also oil and gas.............................................................................. 26
3.4.2 Housing............................................................................................................................ 26
3.4.2.1
Heating and cooling................................................................................................. 26
3.4.2.2
Lighting.................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.2.3
Cookery.................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.2.4
Bath.......................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.2.5
Laundering............................................................................................................... 26
3.4.2.6
Communication, media and entertainment.............................................................. 26
3.4.3
Manufacture of goods...................................................................................................... 26
3.4.3.1
Food......................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.3.2
Clothes..................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.3.3
Furnitures................................................................................................................. 26
3.4.3.4
Tools......................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.3.4.1
Widely, from fork to wrench and from computer to industry robot ................ 26
3.4.3.5
Means of transport .................................................................................................. 26
3.4.4
Building........................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.4.1
Buildings.................................................................................................................. 26
3.4.4.2
Roads........................................................................................................................ 26
3.4.4.3
Water pipes............................................................................................................... 26
3.4.4.4
Electrical grid........................................................................................................... 26
3.4.4.5
Communication networks........................................................................................ 27
3.4.4.6
Other infrastructure.................................................................................................. 27
3.4.5
Transportation.................................................................................................................. 27
3.4.5.1
People....................................................................................................................... 27
3.4.5.1.1
Everyday........................................................................................................... 27
3.4.5.1.2
Business trips.................................................................................................... 27
3.4.5.1.3
Holidays............................................................................................................ 27
3.4.5.2 Raw
materials........................................................................................................... 27
3.4.5.3
Goods....................................................................................................................... 27
3.4.5.3.1
Food.................................................................................................................. 27
3.4.5.3.2
Drinks, include bottled water........................................................................... 27
3.4.5.3.3
Other................................................................................................................. 27
3.4.5.4
Information and communication.............................................................................. 27
3.4.6
Services............................................................................................................................ 27
3.4.6.1
Security.................................................................................................................... 27
3.4.6.2
Healt care................................................................................................................. 27
3.4.6.3
Education................................................................................................................. 27
3.4.6.4
Entertainment........................................................................................................... 27
3.5 Other
way divided................................................................................................................... 27
3.5.1
Electricity......................................................................................................................... 27
3.5.2
Heating and cooling......................................................................................................... 28
3.5.2.1 World
energy consumption in heating..................................................................... 28
3.5.2.2
World energy consumption in cooling..................................................................... 28
3.5.3
Transportation.................................................................................................................. 28
3.5.3.1
World energy consumption in people transport....................................................... 28
3.5.3.2
World energy consumption in material and goods cargo......................................... 28
3.5.4 How
to replace fossil fuels in transport........................................................................... 28
3.5.4.1
Land transport.......................................................................................................... 28
3.5.4.1.1
Cars................................................................................................................... 28
3.5.4.1.1.1
Electric cars.............................................................................................. 28
3.5.4.1.1.1.1
Environmental effects and energy efficiency as whole dipends how the electric
is produced............................................................................................................. 28
3.5.4.1.1.1.2
How much more elecric production be needed................................. 28
3.5.4.1.1.1.2.1Benefits....................................................................................... 28
3.5.4.1.1.1.2.1.1In
best case energy efficiency as whole is very good......... 28
3.5.4.1.1.1.2.1.2Many
ways to produse electric........................................... 28
3.5.4.1.1.1.3
Battery electric cars........................................................................... 28
3.5.4.1.1.1.3.1Benefits....................................................................................... 29
3.5.4.1.1.1.3.1.1Car
batterys as part of elecric storage infrastructure.......... 29
3.5.4.1.1.1.3.2Challenges.................................................................................. 29
3.5.4.1.1.1.3.3Is
there enough battery materials .............................................. 29
3.5.4.1.1.1.3.4Charging
infrastructure needed.................................................. 29
3.5.4.1.1.1.4
Road-powered electric vehicle.......................................................... 29
3.5.4.1.1.1.4.1Benefits....................................................................................... 29
3.5.4.1.1.1.4.2Challenges.................................................................................. 29
3.5.4.1.1.2
Biogas....................................................................................................... 29
3.5.4.1.1.2.1.1Benefits....................................................................................... 29
3.5.4.1.1.2.1.2Challenges.................................................................................. 29
3.5.4.1.1.3
Liquid biofuels.......................................................................................... 29
3.5.4.1.1.3.1.1Benefits....................................................................................... 29
3.5.4.1.1.3.1.2Challenges.................................................................................. 29
3.5.4.1.1.4
a Fuel cell.................................................................................................. 29
3.5.4.1.1.4.1.1Benefits....................................................................................... 30
3.5.4.1.1.4.1.2Challenges.................................................................................. 30
3.5.4.1.1.5
Hybrids..................................................................................................... 30
3.5.4.1.1.5.1.1Benefits....................................................................................... 30
3.5.4.1.1.5.1.2Challenges.................................................................................. 30
3.5.4.1.1.6
Self made.................................................................................................. 30
3.5.4.1.2
Trains and loops................................................................................................ 30
3.5.4.1.3
Other vehicles................................................................................................... 30
3.5.4.2
Shipping................................................................................................................... 30
3.5.4.3
Aviation.................................................................................................................... 30
3.6 Storage
means.......................................................................................................................... 30
3.6.1
Batteries........................................................................................................................... 30
3.6.2
Produse gas- or liguid fuels by electricity....................................................................... 30
3.6.3
Produse fuels by artificial photosyntesis......................................................................... 31
3.6.4
Timing of energy intencive manufacturing and other ways to minimize need to
energy storage.................................................................................................................................................. 31
3.6.5
Gravity............................................................................................................................. 31
3.6.6
Bioenergy as a means of storage...................................................................................... 31
3.6.7 Cold
and heat storages..................................................................................................... 31
3.7 Other
greenhouse gases........................................................................................................... 31
4.Healthy
living environment............................................................................................................. 31
4.1
Chemicalisation ...................................................................................................................... 31
4.1.1
Chemical.......................................................................................................................... 31
4.1.1.1
Chemicals, pros and cons......................................................................................... 31
4.1.1.2
What kind of healthy effects?.................................................................................. 31
4.1.1.3
Chemical groups...................................................................................................... 31
4.1.1.3.1
Biocides............................................................................................................ 31
4.1.1.3.2
Carcinogenic, mutagenic, reprotoxic (CMR) substances................................. 31
4.1.1.3.3
Formaldehyde................................................................................................... 32
4.1.1.3.4
Phthalate........................................................................................................... 32
4.1.1.3.5
Endocrine disruptor.......................................................................................... 32
4.1.1.3.6
Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances (PBTs)................................ 32
4.1.2
Chemicals applications.................................................................................................... 32
4.2
Microplastics........................................................................................................................... 32
4.2.1 As
collector of toxins....................................................................................................... 32
4.2.2
Possible Independent healt effects................................................................................... 32
4.3 Otzone
depletion...................................................................................................................... 32
4.4
Acidification............................................................................................................................ 33
4.4.1 Acid
rain........................................................................................................................... 33
4.4.2 Ocean
acidification.......................................................................................................... 33
4.5
Sufficient biodiversity............................................................................................................. 33
4.6 Nuclear
radiation..................................................................................................................... 33
4.6.1
Accidents.......................................................................................................................... 33
4.6.1.1 The
consequences are serious but are they so serious and wide that at least I have
been thought................................................................................................................................. 33
4.6.2
Nuclear waste................................................................................................................... 33
4.6.2.1
Radiation last long but does it last dangerous so long as at least I have been
thought 33
4.7 Genetic
modification............................................................................................................... 33
4.7.1
Possibilities...................................................................................................................... 34
4.7.2
Threats............................................................................................................................. 34
4.8
Preparing for sudden changes.................................................................................................. 34
4.8.1
Volcanic winter................................................................................................................ 34
Terms of
Use...................................................................................................................................... 34
Overall pictures from world, made
in Norhern Savonia, Finland
Regards from Northern Savonia, Finland. Here we live, work, think,
contemplate, implement and operate middle of wide forests, lakes and hills.
Those forest include also quite sparse network of villages and towns. Here in
Eastern Finland countryside is space to think. And people who can see the
bigger picture.
Biggest problem in the world and how we solve
it
Nowadays it is way too difficult to see big picture. And that is why it
is too difficult to construct a clear enought vision to the future worth of
pursuit. Whitout good visions, problems of the world may seem to be more
difficult to solve, than they maybe really are. That is why future seems easily
too hopeless for many people, atleast in western countries. And when world
situation seems too hopeless it is difficult to find motivation to work for a
better future. Hopeless is main reason to lack of motivation, and it is cause
of massive loss of human potential, again, atleast here in western countries.
So we make easier to see the bigger picture and that way to make better future
seems possible. That is needed that enough big part of people get excited to
build a better future worldwide. Environmental sustainable future is most
important and most excited task to our time so that is why it is topic of this
our first overall picture page.
Point of view in this page is keep and make human living conditions good
now and in the future. So we do not for example protect too much wolfs and we
have not too conserned about biodiversity, but we are interest in biodiversity
when it means more healthy, safer or more comfortable human living conditions.
We also think (at the moment we are me and my
Ltd):
– Need to build a athmosphere and conditions (atleast here in Finland, and I guess it is needed many other places in worldwide too) where young people have easier to grow to full potential (start to lifelong growing), now it is easy to just entertain, but hard to acquire deep and wide understanding. Those people who read the traditional encyclopedia series of books get some kind of picture in the world (quite good actually), but in the internet it is nowadays very difficult to get. So internet need way better services.
–
Independent
thinking is good, stong ideologies often narrows the thinking needlessly.
–
I
do not like how strongly, politicians (also others than red-green) and media go
along when new political left (quite a little group of people but they have
been admirable intelligent and effective to make a impact in media and
politicians) try to tell what is politically correct discussion topic and what
is not. So atleast here in Finland our society need better conversation
culture, especially discussion in some topics, like immigration.
–
Wide
migrations is not good for the world, for example, every part of planet need
their own people to build better future locally, but we need to do globally
better and wider cooperation than nowadays. And make sure that everyone have
sufficient accsess to knowledge.
–
Every
country need healthy selfishness, foggy selflessness in state level is not
effective or good way to safe the world. Resources are always limited and thats
why those resources need to use effectively, from this point of view saving the
world is not different than some other target.
–
Self
made attitude is one important thing what we need more atleast here in Finland,
things can do, there is available better and cheaper tools and parts than ever
before, no matter do you want to build something material, or convey
information. And always for example public financial support is not needed,
this page and its content is an example of that.
–
Economic
growth and technological development are not interesting independent goals, but
they can be things that make easier to reach interesting independent goals.
–
The
Finnish Defence Forces is based on a universal male conscription, so here
soldiers are count of millions, (although total population is a few millions).
We are soldiers too, in this company we fight for a better future. But we are
also artists, and on these pages we paint the picture of world what we want.
–
We
will always be challengers, no matter how big our company will grow, our goal
is perfect world, so we never reach the goal, but we always fight for it, we
will enjoy to this fight, we clear our way through thickets, we bush through
winter storms and we look beautiful landscapes from the top of the sunny hills,
-fjelds and -mountains and between our adventures we rest enough.
–
Nesessaries
like food are not something should taken for granted, there can be hard
conditions for farming in nowadays too, so it is always necessary to pay
attencion security of supply food.
–
Thanks
for those few people in the neighboring village and our village, who have share
their views and give some advices (in general, and what coming topics to this
webpage) those have been (and still are) eye-opening views and very good
advices.
–
We
remember and respect all of those people (each, no matter what they role have
been according to their abilities and circumstances) who have build and defence
here in Finland that substructure that we can try seek out the stars, it is our
duty and privilege.
– We are rebellions with gratitude
0n the 19th of May 2018
Best Regards
Juho Satti
entrepreneur, This is how the Earth works Group Oy
LL.M, Business Student
member of The Centre Party of Finland
reservist lieutenant, The Finnish
Border Guard, guerrilla
Make sure that you understand that first four-point grouping. Pay
attention to connections between those four point, for example there is no need
to mention heavy metal pollution in point four, becouse point one already stop
those.
Before reading page further, pay attention to the table of contents,
there you can see those groupings of different things, and wholeness what is
consist of those groupings. And during read webpage further, go often back to
table of contents, so you can keep overall picture in the mind.
This four-point grouping is ideal, but world need goal, it is very
important to understand how world (earth+human) will work in ideal situation,
but of course there will be long transitional period.
Webpage is under constuction, so there is not writing or links under
every titles.
Idea is that there in this webpage might be some more functionalities
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Plant
nutrients and non-renewable raw materials are not run out, only what we have to
do, is that we have to reuse them effectively.
Plants need nutrients and plants are food for us and farm animals. So
nutrients means food, and that is why they are extra important. There are
mineral nutrients and nitrogen. Nitrogen can cycle directly or through the air.
Especially in the near future we should keep an eye
on recycling phosphorus. Plant growth need phosphorus, and there is not
substitute for it. Nowadays fertilizer phosphorus is digested from mines and
there is not necessarily so much useful reserves left. So it is necessary learn
to recycle phosphorus effectively. Nowadays there is not good enought
practices about nutrients cycling.
Nowadays in many countries and also globally breeding farm animals and fodder plant production are placed in separate areas, (This is in consequence of politics that does not take into account negative externalities, it is not farmers fault.) so it is not easy to bring nutrients back to the place of growth with animal manure. Other challenge is that although urban sewage include nutrients it include also harmful substances for example drug residues, detergents and PFOS:s, so it is not easy to recycle sewages nutrients back to field safely. It is absolutely necessary to keep agricultural soil clean.
It can be
that ecomies of scale in agriculture loses its benefits in the
future for the impact of robotisation and becouse the nutrient cycling become
more and more important. So when cheap robots do the job and externalities are
taken into account, small scale livestock farming can be economically
profitable again, It will help nutrients recycling.
In the
future for example in vitro meat production and plant growth in bioreactors can
maybe make even personal nutrient cycle possible. But in that case too sun
energy have to first store in sugars and others energetic requirements which
are needed in grow and production in bioreactors. Those energetic requirements
can be prodused by photosynthesis (see 3.1.2.1.1.1) either natural
photosynthesis or artificial photosynthesis. Or some microbes can also multibly by
using hydrogen as energy. And hydrogen
can be produced electrically, like in this link. At least nowadays traditional
field farming is in many cases quite effective way to exploit photosynthesis
and produce food, due to big part of the work is done by ecosystem services
like sunshine, rainwater and pollination, and so much devices are not
needed.
What comes
to sewage, atleast have to develop safer chemicals, and think possibilities of
different collection system.
Using more
biological nitrogen fixation will save energy, becouse industrial manufacturing of nitrogen need lot of energy. Some plants are ability to take nitrogen to the
air. Or if there is available lot of cheap renewable energy industrial
manufacturing of nitrogen is one option also in future.
Adding
carbon to soil help nutrient cycling, and it also make soil better to tolerate
drought and wetness. In addition it is one great potential way to prevent
climate change.
Nutrient recycling
is important also when grown bioenergy plants and renewable materials. So for
example after burning wood it is necessary to bring ash back to forest. But in
this case too have to be sure, that there is no harmful substances in that ash.
There can be also possibilities to increase biological nitrogen fixation in the
forests.
We can use non-renewable materials, metals, minerals
and fossil based materials over and over again, so when we mine and use those
materials, we have to make sure that we can reuse it again. But question is how
we do it in paractice, how we increase the awareness and make pricing that take
a notice negative externalities.
But power station need to be just right kind that burning household
waste do not create for example dioxins, very harmful toxics.So have to be very careful what waste to burn and
what kind of incinerator.
Too
mutch non-renewable raw materials leaves the cycle.
But
in some cases low recycling rate do not mean that those materials are lost, for
example lot of old mobile phones are in people homes, those materials are not
lost.
Pricing, recycle frendly desing, taxes, laws, awareness...
We
can use renewable materials as much as they grow, and if we can systainably
boost growing, we can use more. This part is close connected with part 1.1
Nutrients. As renewable raw materials here I mean plants in fields and forests,
fish stocks and products of animal origin. Renevable raw materials can be used
as food, bioenergy and goods manufacturing materials.
There is
different kind of soils, shape of terrains, heavyness of rain, dryness et al.
in the different parts of world so somewhere have to be very careful that soil
do not go with water or wind.
See section 1.1
It is not
easy to create long lasting below ground carbon, in many cases carbon escape
during some years or so., but not in every cases.
Sounds
utopistic at first, but there is some projects going on. Sahara have not been
always desert.
Trees
Others
And how
water temperature in seas affect to growth of algae. James Lovelock write in
his book the revenge of Gaia that seas warming might reduces the growth of
algae.
There
are opportunities for this, as the amount of energy that the sun radiates on
Earth in one hour corresponds with the energy consumption of the humankind in
one year. So how we catch and storage this energy better than
nowadays?
Meanwhile we learn to exploit and storage renewable energy better than nowadays world might need also nuclear power, but is it wise to build those plants as they are build now, or is it better to build those power stations out at sea, floating or submarine. Then possible radiation diluted in huge mass of water.
Some little part of deep geothermal energy.
Radioactive decay of some materials are going on in Earth crust
and it made part of deep geothermal heat. Third source of geothermal heat is
from the formation of the Earth.
Sun energy is formed in nuclear reaction too.
Without sun, planet Earth would be cold and dark place
without oxygen and food. So most important energy is heat and light from sun.
Phptosyntesis is important becouse though photosyntesis here is oxygen to breath
and food to eat.
5.1.2.1.1.1.1 Oxygen
5.1.2.1.1.1.1.1 Ozone layer
Sun ultraviolet light make otzon
from oxygen, and ozone layer protect us and other live against too much ultraviolet light from sun.
5.1.2.1.1.1.2 Food
Plants need water and rain deliver it. Sun dissipate water and
clouds be born Rain is reason why we get
also groundwater to drink.
Wind carry the rain clouds in the
different areas. Air flows also carry
otzone to north and south parts of earth. Big part of ozone are formed near to
the equator, becouse there is lot of ultraviolet light. In their own part winds
also smoothes temperature differences in the planet.
Ocean currents smoothes temperature differences in the Earth. There is many forces
that make that seawater movement. The rotation of the Earth turns ocean
currents so thats one reason why they flow smoothly. In addition the tilt angle
of the Earths axis is also big reason to the relatively low temperature
differences in other parts of Earth, and it is the reason too why we have
seasons.
Human collect and convert energy to its own needs. Body energy come from
food. And human convert also other energy sources when outside the body heat,
move and light is needed.
When sun is not heating enough it is time to make campfire, or turn on
some more sofphisticated heating system. And when sun heating too much, there
might be reason to cooling, but cooling is made from heat too, through
evaporation.
Human have invented ways to move itself or goods also whitout using
muscles. Also ways to move data faraway and back are developed.
When sun is not lighting we need some other light. And there is some
other ways to use ligth too, like data moving in optical fiber.
Other electromagnetic radiation than light are used for example moving data wirelessly through the air. And microwave ovens, and radiography.
Electricity is handy way to transport energy,via electrical grid. Electric current is in itself move too, charged particles move. Electricity is easy to transform to heat, move and light when those needed. Atleast novadays electricity is not easy to store.
In addition there is some independent applications in
electricity too, like electronics. Is there some other independen applications?
Atleast electric fence to keep cows on the pasture.
5.1.2.2.4.2.1 Electronics
There is not finally so
many ways to use energy. When goods are manufacturing, you can shape metals and
polymers by using heat and move. You can saw logs as boards and planks by using
move. And by using electronics, those things can made by not using human brains
in every single time. And when we need to move data, we do it by using light or
other electromagnetic radiation.
5.1.2.3.1.1.1
Fuels,
sun energy formed through photosynthesis
Burning fuels are formed through photosynthesis.
5.1.2.3.1.1.1.1 Bioenergy, new sun energy formed
through photosynthesis
New sun energy, formed through photosynthesis, durin last summer or in
the past decades. When used it is necessary to take care about nutrient
cycling.
5.1.2.3.1.1.1.2 Fossil fuels, old sun energy formed
through photosynthesis
Fossil fuels, very old sun energy also formed through photosynthesis.
Nuclear reactions release nuclear energy which are used to generate heat.
Last hundred – two hundred years and still nowadays transport and making
electricity are strongly based in fossil fuels and Heat engines. Heat engines force usually moving cars, and
spin many electric generators. Heat engines efficiency is not very high, so
there form lot of waste heat, so it is good if electricity making and useful
heat making is combined (CHP).
5.1.2.3.2.1.1 Based in combustion gas
5.1.2.3.2.1.1.1 Internal combustion Piston engines
5.1.2.3.2.1.1.2 Gas turbine
5.1.2.3.2.1.1.3 Jet engine
5.1.2.3.2.1.2 Based in steam
5.1.2.3.2.1.2.1 Steam engine
5.1.2.3.2.1.2.2 Steam turbine
If it is low pressure, or some other vaporizer than water, it is possible to rotate steam turbine also lower temperatures than 100 celsius. For example Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC).
5.1.2.3.2.1.3 Combinations
5.1.2.3.2.1.3.1 Closed-cycle gas turbines
5.1.2.3.2.1.4 Others
5.1.2.3.2.1.4.1 Stirling engine
5.1.2.3.2.1.4.2 Thermo-magnetic motor
5.1.2.3.2.2.1.1 Molecular motor
5.1.2.3.2.2.2
Harvesting
move which is formed in Earth's heat engine
5.1.2.3.2.2.2.1 Moving water
5.1.2.3.2.2.2.1.1 Hydropower
Hydropower collect energy from downhill running water which rain is delivered to the
ground higher than the sea level.
5.1.2.3.2.2.2.1.2 Wavepower
5.1.2.3.2.2.2.1.3 Marine current power
5.1.2.3.2.2.2.2 Moving air
5.1.2.3.2.2.2.2.1 Sail and kite
5.1.2.3.2.2.2.2.2 Wind power
5.1.2.3.3.2.1 Flames
Like campfire, oil lamp or candle.
5.1.2.3.3.2.2 Glowing piece of hot material
Like in Incandescent light bulb
Fluorescence is a form of luminescence, common solution is fluorescent lamp.
5.1.2.3.3.6.1 Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is light source in Glowworm and other light emitted living organism.
5.1.2.3.3.7.7 Thermal radiation
See 3.1.2.3.2 how the move is making or harvesting.
5.1.2.3.4.1.1 Electric generators
5.1.2.3.4.2.1 Light
5.1.2.3.4.2.1.1 Solar cell
5.1.2.3.4.2.2 Other radiation
5.1.2.3.4.2.2.1 Betavoltaic device
5.1.2.3.4.3.1 Fuel cell
5.1.2.3.4.4.1 Thermoelectric effect
Word energy consumption is
still largely dependent on fossil fuels (87% 2015). (When you look those
statistics pay attention where there is talking about energy and where only
electricity, and there is good to note also difference between primary energy
and final energy consumption.)
Natural gas. Previously burned in torch in oilfields. Combination powerplant can be
efficient, so they produce lot of electricity end not so much waste heat, see 3.1.2.3.2.1.3.
In the coming decades, as period of transition, we will possibly need
also significantly nuclear power, but it is the best option to build those
stations like those are build nowadays or is it better option to buid
standardized power stations, and locate those out of sea and under the water.
Possibly in
the future:
For example in seawater, deep and top.
Burning biomass produce heat so move and
electricity can generate.
Mainly energy from sun warmed soil. Problem is that geothermal heat pump
heating need electricity and thats why it grow electricity peak consumption, in
areas where is cold in the winter. Electrical grid and power station capasity
have to build according with peak consumption.
That way
divided there is dupications becouse heating, cooling and transportation are
partly using electricity.
Did they have any wiser way to produce cooling, than by using
electricity.
5.5.4.1.1.1.1
Environmental
effects and energy efficiency as whole dipends how the electric is produced
5.5.4.1.1.1.2
How
much more elecric production be needed
5.5.4.1.1.1.2.1 Benefits
5.5.4.1.1.1.2.1.1
In
best case energy efficiency as whole is very good
5.5.4.1.1.1.2.1.2 Many ways to produse electric
5.5.4.1.1.1.3 Battery electric cars
5.5.4.1.1.1.3.1 Benefits
5.5.4.1.1.1.3.1.1
Car
batterys as part of elecric storage infrastructure
5.5.4.1.1.1.3.2 Challenges
5.5.4.1.1.1.3.3 Is there enough battery materials
5.5.4.1.1.1.3.4 Charging infrastructure needed
5.5.4.1.1.1.4 Road-powered electric vehicle
5.5.4.1.1.1.4.1 Benefits
5.5.4.1.1.1.4.2 Challenges
Biogas in general see 3.1.1.2
(Gas bag vehicles Low-tech magazine)
5.5.4.1.1.2.1.1 Benefits
5.5.4.1.1.2.1.2 Challenges
5.5.4.1.1.3.1.1 Benefits
5.5.4.1.1.3.1.2 Challenges
5.5.4.1.1.4.1.1 Benefits
5.5.4.1.1.4.1.2 Challenges
5.5.4.1.1.5.1.1 Benefits
5.5.4.1.1.5.1.2 Challenges
List of energy storage projects
Photocatalytic water splitting
Burning bioenergy sources when sun is not shining and heating is needed.
Seasonal thermal energy storage
Keeping water, soil and air clean and healthy. And environment comfortable to live. Ja kasvuolosuhteet ruualle ym.
According Grouping by Tukes (site only in finnish and swedish)
Carcinogenic,
mutagenic, reprotoxic (CMR) substances
(link is to OSH WIKI)
Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances
Microplastics Keskustelu usein sivuraiteilla, muovipusseista ym. ja uusiutuva ei aina parempi kuin (esim norsunluu kampa) Muovi ja sen poltto aika hyvä, siihen asti kun vaikkapa liikent polt suoraan, voi ajatella että muovipakkauksessa öljy vaan tekee yhden työn ennen kuin se poltetaan energiaksi, ja osuus kokonaiskulutuksesta ei kovin suuri?
Micro- and nanoplastics can bind and carry toxins with them.
Did those micro- or nanoplastics end up for example in human brains? According to this study (Lund university Sweden), it seems to end up fish brains. So there is important issue to study.
Ozone depletion, have been thiked that case was quite solved. But according to Nature
journal (Nature 557, pages413–417 (2018)), there is an mysterious
unexpected increace in global emissions of CFC-11.
Acid rain, I think situation is going in good direction, and mainly
According This is how the Earth works –
philosophy, sufficient biodivercity is mainly that what is necessary to the survival
and healt of humans.
According to historical examples, volcanic eruptions can cause the situation where there in the Earth are not normal amount of sunlight for years. That possibility (volcanic winter) is well worth preparing.
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